The United Kingdom ‘s successful academic research base is underpinned by a system of funding that provides funds to institutions in two streams, one as part of their core grants, and provided by the Funding Councils, and the other generally in the form of project grants, provided by Research Councils. This is known as the dual support system. Concerns with the working of the dual support system have been expressed for at least 25 years, and are explored further in this report.